Cartesian Dualism and the Union of Mind and Body Essay

Cartesian Dualism and the Union of Mind and Body ABSTRACT: Cartesian dualism and the union of mind and body are often understood as conceptions that contradict each other. Diachronic interpretations maintain that Descartes was first a dualist (in the Meditations) and later on developed his stance on the union of mind and body (Passions). Some authors find here a problem without solution. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, some interpretations have been developed intending to give a positive solution to the difficult relation between Cartesian dualism and the union of mind and body. The problem that I find in most of them is that they try to show no incoherence between Descartes dualism and his conception of the union and†¦show more content†¦So, when he asserts the union between the human mind and body, some interpreters find that he presents a contradictory position. Others think that probably Descartes was not so radical in his dualism. In order to build a different interpretation about the Cartesian dualism and the union of mind and body, I have established two categories. I call diachronic interpretations those that maintain that Descartes was first a dualist (i.e., in the Meditations), and later on developed his stance on the union of mind and body (i.e., in the Passions). Against diachronic perspectives, I propose a synchronic interpretation under which I maintain that Cartesian dualism and the union of mind and body are simultaneously present all along Descartes works. (1) Through this category I try to accomplish my purpose in this paper, which is to show that there is coherence and intelligibility in Descartes conceptions of dualism and union. Redefinition of the Problem under a Synchronic Interpretation When Princess Elisabeth questioned Descartes on the possibility of interaction between heterogeneous substances [AT III 661]., he answered recognizing that through his works, he had not said much about the union of mind and body. In his letter [21-05-1643] Descartes justifies this saying he had been primarily focused in the demonstration of the distinction between mind and body. Descartes himself recognized the uneven development of his doctrine on dualism and hisShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 Pagesscholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theory on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship between the mind and body. He created the early version to further explain the interaction of the mind and body, to create a firm foundation that can be explained through scienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Elisabeth s Criticism Of Descartes Mind Body Dualism1398 Words   |  6 PagesElisabeth’s Criticism of Descartes’ Mind-Body Dualism Renà © Descartes’ seventeenth century philosophy receives much of the credit for the basis of modern philosophy, specifically his argument that the body and the mind are completely separate substances, each with its own independence from the other, also known as dualism. Descartes was educated in the Aristotelian and Greek tradition, and those ideas influenced his dualist thought. In Meditations, Descartes focused on dualism in the context of human consciousnessRead MoreEssay about Descartes’ Argument from Divisibility1683 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom Divisibility Works Cited Missing Reneà ¬ Descartes’ treatise on dualism, his Meditations on First Philosophy, is a seminal work in Western intellectual history, outlining his theory of the mind and its relation to the rest of the world. The main argument running through the Meditations leads from his universal methodic doubt through his famous cogito, to proofs of dualism, God, and the world. The Cartesian dualism is one of the most influential ideas to come out of the work; the style ofRead MorePhilosophy: Descartes Views on the Differentiation Between the Mind and the Body 897 Words   |  4 Pagesthe differentiation between the mind and the body has given rise to much thought regarding the interaction between these supposedly distinct substances. Through examining correlations between Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia it is evident that Descartes himself struggled to plausibly identify the interaction among the mental and material in relation to causation. This essay will investigate Elizabeth’s quir es into the causational relationship between the mind and body by explaining and investigatingRead MoreLife After Death By Bertrand Russell Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesthen one s mind ceases, as well. If you survive death, then your mind must survive. But, brain functioning ceases with death. Therefore, you will not survive death (Zelinski â€Å"On†). The argument is valid but some question whether it is sound. Russell s argument is sound because the third premise, if one’s brain ceases to function, then one’s mind ceases to function, is true; the fifth premise, brain functioning ceases with death, is also true; that all leads to the conclusion, your mind will not surviveRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 PagesThe Philosophy of Cognitive Science Psychophysical dualism — the distinction between mind and body — is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the main ontological problem of the philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properlyRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. AsRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pageshis own mind and existence by putting all of his beliefs up for questioning in order to determine what can be certain and what can be doubted. He realized that he was able to doubt if he had a body in instances of dreaming or of illusions. But, he was unable to doubt the fact that he had a mind because the mind is the â€Å"the thinking thing† that processes all the doubts of his existence. Descartes’ mechanism into figuring out the truth is to doubt everything. Descartes argues that the mind and theRead MoreWhat Advantages Does Spinoza’s Subs tance Monism Have over Descartes’ Dualism?3467 Words   |  14 PagesDescartes’ dualism. Through works such as the Ethics, Spinoza seeks to address the main flaws in Descartes’ philosophy. These flaws included but were by no means limited to, proof for the existence of God and the interaction between mind and body. This essay will highlight the advantages of Spinoza’s monism over Descartes’ dualism by looking at Spinoza’s response to these issues. First, in order to consider the advantages of Spinoza’s substance monism over Descartes’ dualism it is necessaryRead MoreRene Descartes: Cartesian Dualism Essay example1625 Words   |  7 PagesDescartian dualism is one of the most long lasting legacies of Rene Descartes’ philosophy. He argues that the mind and body operate as separate entities able to exist without one another. That is, the mind is a thinking, non-extended entity and the body is non-thinking and extended. His belief elicited a debate over the nature of the mind and body that has spanned centuries, a debate that is still vociferously argued today. In this essay, I will try and tackle Descartes claim and come to some conclusion

Caribbean Internet Cafe - 795 Words

1 Caribbean Internet Cafà © Performance Management and Control, ACC 287.5 David E. Platt, Ph.D. Caribbean Internet Cafà © Primary Case-Study Objectives 2 ï  µ ï  µ ï  µ Observe the diversity of business measurement issues. Introduce fundamental costing issues. Identify strategic and non-financial issues that are critical for decision making. Caribbean Internet Cafà © Cost Summary 3 ï  µ Here is a listing of costs to be incurred (pg. 3-4). How can we organize this data in a useful way? Equipment Waiter-tutors Manager Building lease Utilities Utility deposit Internet link Internet service Insurance Advertising, mktg, promo Pre-opening advertising Other up-front costs Miscellaneous admin/main Usage Qty Unit from Exhibit 1 180 hrs/wk 1 per month 1†¦show more content†¦Jamaica $ One-Time Costs Utility deposit Pre-opening advertising Other up-front costs Total Least Most ï  µ J$ J$ 7,000 20,000 120,000 147,000 Fixed Costs Waiter-tutors J$ Advertising, mktg, promo J$ Miscellaneous admin/main J$ Utilities J$ Insurance J$ Manager J$ Internet link J$ Building lease J$ * Loan interest J$ 40 10,000 50,000 15,000 10,000 40,000 10,000 30,000 1,250,000 Cost Unit per hour (x 180 x 52) per month per month per month per month per month per month per month at 10% concessionary rate What about investment in equipment? Annualized J$ J$ J$ J$ J$ J$ J$ J$ J$ 374,400 120,000 600,000 180,000 120,000 480,000 120,000 360,000 125,000 Caribbean Internet Cafà © Fixed Costs 6 ï  µ Depreciation is annual fixed cost. Investment General equipment Hardware and software Furniture and artwork China and flowers Total (exhibit 1) J$ J$ Jamaica $ Fixed Costs Waiter-tutors Advertising, mktg, promo Miscellaneous admin/main Utilities Insurance Manager Internet link Building lease * Loan interest ** Depreciation Total J$40 J$10,000 J$50,000 J$15,000 J$10,000 J$40,000 J$10,000 J$30,000 J$1,250,000 Est d Life (yrs) 573,250 407,750 340,000 105,000 1,426,000 Annualized 5 J$ 3 10 2 J$ Cost Unit per hour (x 180 x 52) per month per month per month per month per month per month per month at 10% concessionary rate from above 114,650 135,917 34,000 52,500 337,067 Annualized 374,400 120,000 600,000 180,000 120,000 480,000 120,000 360,000 125,000Show MoreRelatedCaribbean Internet Cafe920 Words   |  4 PagesCase Summary of: Carribean Internet Cafà © 1. What managerial issues should David consider before starting Caribbean Internet Cafà ©? Managerial Issues: Broadly defined as all issues which have an impact on a business manager’s decision. In this case, David should consider: - Political, Economic, Social, Technological (PEST) issues analysis: (i) Political: Bureaucracy and corruption may potentially slow down the pace of enhancing the necessary infrastructure for internet accessibility and usageRead MoreEssay on Caribbean Internet Cafe633 Words   |  3 Pagesto start an internet cafà ©. 2. David is also planning to hire a manager with Jamaican restaurant experience to help him with the majority of his business activities; this could be an issue as he hasn’t found anyone yet. He isn’t considering the possibility that he will not be able to find someone to fill the position. 3. David also seems to have little business knowledge when it comes to pricing. He examined the market and found that the industry price was $90 per hour for internet service andRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Hard Rock Cafe1259 Words   |  6 Pagesand/or services are moved from the manufacturer/service provider to the user or consumer. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. In our case the Hard Rock Cafà © operates in 38 countries throughout the globe. The Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s of the Hard Rock chain are located in: Hawai, North America, Mexico/Central America, Caribbean, South America, Europe, Middle East, Asia, Japan and Australia/Oceania. Hard Rock Hotels are located in the following cities throughout the world: Read MoreRoyal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd: Hbr Case Study1130 Words   |  5 PagesRoyal Caribbean Cruises, LTD: A Case Study 1. Using the Information Systems Triangle as a framework, evaluate the alignment of RCCLs business strategy, organizational strategy, and information systems strategy before Tom Murphy became CIO and then after Tom Murphy took over as CIO (up to 9/11/2001). Prior to Tom Murphys tenure as CIO, Royal Caribbean Cruises Lines (RCCLs) business strategies were not fully aligned with the organizational and IT strategies. Tom Murphy was instrumental in bringingRead MoreThe Leisure-Cruise Industry Porter Paper1329 Words   |  6 Pagessubstantial resources (Wheelen and Hunger pg 111). When taking into consideration ingoing a leisure cruise industry, assets is key obligation. In my opinion threat of new entrants is low because as stated from Cruise News â€Å"Just in one of the ships Royal Caribbean spent one billion dollars†. So companies must be finically stable and be knowledgeable to enter the leisure cruise industry. In addition, since 2009 government has made it a requirement for every passenger to have a passport or passport id whichRead MoreEthnography Study of Coffee House2553 Words   |  11 Pageshomogenization, polarization, and hybridization,† (Holton 2000). This essay seeks to lend credence to the hybridization thesi s, by observing a coffee house located in the developing country of Trinidad and Tobago (TT). Focusing on the aesthetics of the cafà © and the purchase behaviour of its customers, this essay intends to evaluate the attempt of this organisation to create a coffee culture in TT. This evaluation will then inform the argument of hybridization by demonstrating how cultures exchange elementsRead MoreCarribean Internet Cafe1263 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1: Caribbean Intern Cafà © Date: November 14, 2012 1. There are many issues that Mr. Grant should consider before proceeding with the CIC. There are several things that Mr. Grant should examine before even looking at the projections given to him. Total capital is $2,250,000, $1,000,000 in investments and $1,250,000 in the form of a long-term loan. $1,573,000 is immediately spent leaving $677,000. If he has no customers, he can afford to remain open for 3 months. As well, theyRead MoreAccounting Case Essay1930 Words   |  8 Pagesorders over the internet site. How should this affect the activity cost driver rates calculated in Question 2? How would the switch affect Dakota’s profitability? Caribbean Internet Cafà © 1. What managerial issues should David Grant consider before starting the Caribbean Internet Cafà ©? 2. Define the fixed, variable and start-up costs in this case. 3. What is the contribution margin per customer? 4 How many customer visits will CIC need in order for the cafà © to break-even inRead MoreRe Sba1648 Words   |  7 PagesLibrary to get information on three symbolisms in Rastafari via the internet which I stored on a flash drive. On the 3rd of October 2011 at about 2:30 pm, I gave out 12 questionnaires to the Rastafararians in my community. On the 5th of October 2011, I collected back the questionnaires at about 4:35 pm, from which I gathered additional information on the study. On the 10th of October 2011 at about 10:00 am, I went to an Internet Cafà © to get pictures and additional information about the symbolism whichRead Morecafes monte bianco case analysis4234 Words   |  17 PagesExam†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....20% CASE ANALYSIS Students will work on the cases in groups of three (preferably) or four. Each group will be required to submit written Case Analysis (five pages plus Exhibits) for each of the following cases: 1. Cafes Monte Bianco: Building a Profit Plan 2. Compagnie du Froid, S.A. In addition, groups will pick four of the remaining cases (except Birch Paper) that interest them for a short write-up (2-3 pages plus exhibits). Case write-ups should include

Philosophical And Historical Foundations Of American Politics Essay Example For Students

Philosophical And Historical Foundations Of American Politics Essay Word Count: 607The Founding Fathers views on government were influenced by both the classical republican and the natural rights philosophers. The two groups of philosophers held very different views on how a government should run. The classical republicans believed that the individual should sacrifice his or her personal freedoms in order to gain the greater good. The natural rights philosophers, on the other hand, held that a persons individual freedoms out to be preserved at all costs. The two greatest examples of historical precedent in republican government were the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, which both gave the people a great deal of power in the government by allowing them a voice. The natural rights philosophers favored the Greeks, while most classical republicans admired the Romans. The theory of classical republicanism is that the best society is one that promotes the common good instead of individual interests. One of the ways that this is done is by limiting individual rights. This idea began in Rome in 509 after King Servius successor Tarquin the Proud behaved in such a tyrannical way that the outraged aristocracy ousted him. In response to the unspeakable treatment, the Romans changed the governments job. The elite proclaimed themselves the protectors of Rome against tyranny. This mindset became crucial to the ideology through which they justified their political supremacy. From this point on, there would be intense suspicion of any individual who tried to turn popular support into personal power. Numerous problems can arise in a society which emphasizes both individual rights and the common good because the two goals are often conflicting in nature. Everyone desires individual rights, but to protect the common good a social contract must be in effect. This means that some personal rights must be sacrificed for the good of the community. The natural rights philosophy considered the rights of the individual to be of primary importance, but classical republicans held that the communitys interests were more important. Classical republicans required that people care for each other in small communities, and shared similarities in finances and religion. This required an official religion and a single set of family standards had to be followed. Thus it was obvious that this would not work in America, since so many people had come here to escape their official religions and to seek economic opportunity. The classical republicans stressed the need for moral education and homogeneity in order to protect the interests of society. They believed that if society was homogenous, that there would be fewer problems. If a society did not have homogeneity, they feared that it would splinter in factions, which would oppose the common good in favor of self-interest. Classical republicans tried to avoid these differences in property, religion, and social interaction by establishing a standard, but were unsuccessful. Democracy is founded on a combination of the classical republican and natural rights philosophies. James Madison formed the combination, called democratic republicanism. It includes the liberty and equality for a democracy (natural rights) and the need for order, and checking the corrosive effects of inequality that were involved in classical republicanism. Philosophers such as Niccolo Machiavelli and B.F. Skinner have each contributed to the principal of social welfare. This is relevant to modern society through the actions of democracies around the world. Our government and others like it strive to promote the common good, while not limiting personal freedoms. Within all three branches of our government, be they judicial, legislative, or executive, we can see the enduring imprints of classical republicanism.

Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Human Body - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Human Body. Answer: Introduction Business ethics are the principles and standards which tell right conduct from wrong conduct in an business organisation(Ferrell Hirt, 2016). In this report, 5 cases of ethical dilemma are analysed to offer alternatives which can be considered ethical. Producing toys-Childs Play? Dilemma: By replacing the Portuguese supplier with the Thai manufacturer the project manager would be able to get the toys at a third of what the Portuguese supplier is charging. But after visiting the manufacturing facility you realize that no manufacturing facility exists instead a family including children were working in a garage to assemble the toys. Now the project manager is faced with the dilemma of making a decision to whether continue with the Portuguese suppliers and rule out the option of outsourcing the production to Thai manufacturer, where poor working condition and child labour are prominent, or to believe the Thai partner and go ahead with the supply contract in order to save costs. Alternatives: According to the consequentialist theory of ethics results of the act or rule determine whether the rule or act is right or wrong. The underlying principle is to choose the action which creates maximum good for maximum number of people(BBC, 2014). One alternative for project manager is to outsource the toys assembly to Thai manufacturer. This will result in cost minimization for the confectionary company and employment for people of Thailand. Another ethics theory called Deontological ethics suggests that some actions need to be taken because they are the right thing to do(Encyclopdia Britannica, 2017). In this case, it is one of the Project Managers duties to ensure that cost of production stays within the budget. Outsourcing of toys assembly will definitely bring down the cost of the product as a whole. But according to the rights theory of ethics rights established by society are given highest priority(Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, 2005). But in case the Thai ma nufacturer is given the contract then there will be abuse of basic human rights. Project manager can either rule out the idea of outsourcing the assembly to Thailand or should make the Thai manufacturer follow a comprehensive code of conduct which would include norms regarding workplace, minimum wages and child labour. Failing to uphold the code of conduct would result in end of contract. Who cares whose shares? Dilemma: Regional marketing director of a chemical and pharmaceutical company is aware of the fact that, if the news of presence of a chemical with lethal side effects in a herbicide manufactured by the company, goes public the share prices will drop significantly. Now he has received a large share of his bonuses in the form of stocks and looking their performance regional marketing director has suggested his college friend Freddie, who in now an account manager at an investment bank, to invest in the stock as well and Freddie in turn has suggested his clients to do so as well. Now the regional marketing director is in dilemma regarding whether he should tell Freddie to sell his share as he is doing to avoid any losses or should he keep quiet as he has been instructed by the vice president and avoid any effects on share prices before the news is published. Alternatives: In this case, following facts are available: 1) Freddie is an old friend of Regional Marketing Manager who has invested in PCCs shares and has asked his clients to do the same; 2) Vice President has asked all senior managers to stay quiet about the findings of the study. According to Virtue ethics by practising virtuous qualities like honesty, generosity etc. a person will develop a moral character and this will help him/her to make ethical decisions(Cline, 2017). Marketing Director is aware that by Friday next week the share prices will definitely face impact due to publishing of the report and his friend Freddie will also get the news by his channels, which means that in next week Freddie will anyways sell off his shares and ask his clients to do the same. One option for Marketing director is to let Freddie know about the reports by his sources and remain quiet about it on Friday as his Vice president has instructed or he can let Freddie know about the reports and its repercussions so that Freddie does not lose his job. Dilemma: Human resource manager of AllCure Pharmaceuticals has to select between two shortlisted candidates to fill the vacancy at clinical trials team. In order to determine social skills HR manger went through the social media profiles of these two candidates. It can be deciphered from the content uploaded by the candidate with relevant work experience that she is too much into partying and possibly in illegal activities like consuming drugs on the other hand the social profile of the candidate with no relevant work experience suggested that she is sociable and well-travelled individual. Now the HR manager is faced by the decision to choose inexperienced but sociable or experienced but with somewhat outrageous social profile. Alternatives: It is clearly stated in the case that the candidate with relevant experience has uploaded some outrageous images of herself which also suggest that she is involved in illegal activities like consumption of drugs. Social media profiles are like interviews and there are chances that if the recruiter doesnt liked the profile the person might not be good to work with as well(Hill, 2012). This particular candidate if hired will be expected to have meticulous work attitude as the nature of the work is sensitive, someone who is clearly into alcohol and drugs may have concentration issues(White, 2017). In such a scenario one option is to cross check with the previous employer about the candidate or to recruit the other candidate and fill the position. Organic Food-What is an organic Label really worth? Given the increased awareness about the organic food consumers today do not hesitate in paying premium prices to buy organic food products. But the ethical issues arise when consumers are poorly informed about what exactly the organic label might mean. For example in the US the word organic can be used for the products which contain upto 95% of organic ingredients, the rest 5% can include chemicals for flavour enhancing, colouring or thickening. Many organisations like the American retailer Target was nabbed for falsely marketing its soymilk as organic. Similarly German authorities identified more than 200 farms which were selling their non-organic eggs as premium priced organic eggs. China has been exporting its organic products in international markets but its credibility is also questionable. Apart from certification issues there is another environmental issue related to organic farming. As it takes almost two and a half times the land to produce organic food in large quantity fam ers in developing countries tend to burning forests to convert them in farms, which results in emission of carbon dioxide and danger to wildlife. Alternatives: Consumer Rights are body of law that relates to things producers of goods and services should do to avoid any harm to customers(HG.org, 2018). Being ethical with consumers is the most important aspect of Business ethics. Violation of consumers rights can damage public relation of the corporation(Crane Matten, 2014). In this case in the consumers are being charged more for products labelled as Organic when they are actually not. This is happening majorly because of lack of knowledge in consumers and secondly because of products being imported from countries with poor legislations for food certification. USDA has created a new database of organic food growers and some pesticides and herbicides, considered organic, will be considered non acceptable(Wells, 2015). Todays organisations operate in an open and digital world where authenticity is key to success, in order to meet the growing demand of ethical behaviour by consumers it is a good idea for organisations to be open in their opera tions(Baker, 2015). A new Spin on responsible sourcing? Uzbekistan is one of the five countries dominating cotton exports. Due to lack of technology almost 90% of cotton is harvested by hand in Uzbekistan. In order to meet the demand children are forced to labour in felids during harvesting season. In 2005, labour conditions at Uzbekistan were exposed in a report Environmental Justice foundation. However, initial response from business community was that they cannot possibly boycott cotton from Uzbekistan as it is very difficult to trace the origin of raw materials used to produce a piece of clothing. But, as the pressure built many companies decided to boycott Uzbek Cotton. As a response Uzbekistan signed ILO convention, committing to stop child labour and developing an action plan meet its commitments. But in 2010, a study done by University of London revealed the existence of forced child labour in Uzbekistan. Boycott by western manufacturers intensified and some progress in situation were witnessed but Uzbekistan started to export its produce to countries which were not concerned much about the labour practices. Alternatives: As it has been mentioned by various manufacturers that it is impossible for them to completely boycott Uzbekistan cotton firstly because to produce a piece of cloth cotton from various sources is used and secondly there is more than one way by which Uzbekistan cotton can enter supply chain. Here ethics of duty play a major role. Uzbekistani governments action of forcibly employing children on cotton field cannot be justified by the revenue they generate from export(BBC, 2014). This has raised questions regarding the ethics of suppliers. This is done majorly in Asian countries where western companies outsource much of their production like Bangladesh, Thailand etc. But some companies have undertaken implementation of supply chain traceability(Ethical Consumer, 2015). International community can play an important role in persuading the Uzbekistan government to follow strict child labour policies, where the age of working population is clearly defined and to encourage use of technology for cotton harvesting. Finally, Government and Corporates should set up the code of ethics in order to highlight the consequences of human rights violation, like loss of business both for government and corporates. Conclusion It can be concluded that no business activity falls out of the preview of ethics. Whether it is Outsourcing, recruitment, shareholders, suppliers or consumers every aspect of business decision is influenced by ethics. In order to build a reputation of trustworthy organisation all business decisions should be based on ethics. Bibliography Baker, J., 2015. The rise of the conscious consumer: why businesses need to open up. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2015/apr/02/the-rise-of-the-conscious-consumer-why-businesses-need-to-open-up [Accessed 15 January 2018]. BBC, 2014. About consequentialism. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/consequentialism_1.shtml [Accessed 16 January 2018]. BBC, 2014. About duty-based ethics. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/duty_1.shtml [Accessed 15 January 2018]. Cline, A., 2017. Virtue Ethics: Morality and Character. [Online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/virtue-ethics-morality-and-character-249866 [Accessed 16 January 2018]. Crane, A. Matten, D., 2014. Business Ethics. 4th ed. Oxford University Press. Encyclopdia Britannica, 2017. Deontological ethics. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/deontological-ethics [Accessed 16 January 2018]. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, 2005. Rights Theory. [Online] Available at: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rights-theory [Accessed 16 January 2018]. Ethical Consumer, 2015. Ending forced labour in Uzbekistan. [Online] Available at: https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/commentanalysis/humanrights/uzbekcotton.aspx [Accessed 15 January 2018]. Ferrell, O.C. Hirt, G.A., 2016. Business: A Changing World. McGraw-Hill Publication. HG.org, 2018. What Are Consumer Rights? [Online] Available at: https://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=31356 [Accessed 16 January 2018]. Hill, K., 2012. Facebook Can Tell You If A Person Is Worth Hiring. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/03/05/facebook-can-tell-you-if-a-person-is-worth-hiring/#5f09f70c64ce [Accessed 16 January 2018]. Wells, J., 2015. Is 'organic' really organic? A deep dive into the dirt. [Online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/04/is-organic-really-organic-a-deep-dive-into-the-dirt.html [Accessed 15 January 2018]. White, S., 2017. Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on the Human Body. [Online] Available at: https://www.livestrong.com/article/533552-about-alcohol-and-stomach-bleeding/ [Accessed 16 January 2018].

Alienation and Capitalism

Alienation and Capitalism Introduction The idea of alienation was developed by Karl Marx and it can be used to analyze the nature of human interaction in the current world. Alienation is widespread today and it can barely be witnessed in almost all societies. â€Å"Marx developed his theory of alienation to reveal the human activity that lies behind the seemingly impersonal forces dominating society† (Meszaros 45). Marx contends that the modern world is a product of past human activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alienation and Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He further explains that the future world will also be influenced by human activities. The materialist theory as put forward by Marx indicates that human beings were influenced by their societies. Marx believes that alienation is entrenched in materialism and not in religion or the psyche. However, Hegel and Feuerbach associated alienation with the former and no t the latter. Alienation in essence meant loss of the capacity to have power over labor. Human Nature â€Å"Marx criticized the notion that humans possess a fixed nature regardless of their society† (Marx 398). He clearly explained how the myriad factors associated with the unchanging human character, vary considerably in various societies. He contended that the necessity to influence nature to fulfill human requirements was the only systematic aspect of all human cultures. Just like animals, people should work in order to stay alive. Nonetheless, human labor was differentiated from animal labor since human beings developed perception. Ernest Fischer noted that human labor is unique since people consciously work on nature, and formulate new mechanisms of getting the items they require. Working on nature changes both the laborer and his environment. â€Å"Consequently, labor is a dynamic process through which the laborer shapes and moulds the world he lives in and stimulates himself to create and innovate† (Ollman 156). According to Marx, â€Å"the individual is the social being† (Ollman 157). In this context, Marx implies that as people struggle to obtain their daily needs, they are all compelled to interact with others. Society is not merely comprised of people; it conveys the totality of relationships and connections that people find themselves in. labor makes people to interact physically with the world. Development of humanity is partly determined by labor. Moreover, human relationships are a product of labor itself. â€Å"Our ability to work, to improve how we work and build on our successes, has tended to result in the cumulative development of the productive forces† (Macionis 456). This is what produced class society. Surplus production caused division of societies into classes. This process was significant in developing and controlling dynamics of production. However, it also meant that most producers could no longer have co ntrol of other people’s labor. As a result, labor alienation emerged with social order.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"The emergence of class divisions in which one class had control over the means of producing what society needed, led to a further division between individuals and the society to which they belonged† (Marx 345). Even though alienation is persistent in the world, it can still be altered. Alienation and Capitalism â€Å"Alienation arose from the low level of the productive forces, from human subordination to the land and from the domination of the feudal ruling class† (Macionis 134). Nonetheless, these types of alienation exhibited some restrictions. For instance, peasants labored independently on their land, and produced their necessities within their autonomous family systems. Capitalism had dynamics and constraints that were different from those of feudalism. The bourgeoisie envisaged a society where transactions could primarily be based on money. In this case, alienation is practiced through selling. In the capitalist society, many individuals were restrained from accessing the vital modes of production. As such, the majority of people were rendered landless. This compelled them to sell their labor in order to meet their daily necessities. Hence, labor was commoditized and it could be sold just like other items in the market. â€Å"Capitalism involved a fundamental change in the relations between men, instruments of production and the materials of production† (Marx 234). Production shifted from homes to factories. Division of labor came into sight with the onset of factory production, and it was really devastating. Workers became over dependent on the bourgeoisie, who dominated production. Forced labor also emerged because laborers had no influence in their jobs. Alienation was worsened by capi talism. In this case, workers were extremely alienated from the items they produced. â€Å"Marx argued that the alienation of the worker from what he produces is intensified because the products of labor actually begin to dominate the laborer† (Macionis 367). Part of a worker’s produce is embezzled by his employer. Therefore, the worker is continuously exploited. Workers also use their wages to purchase what they have produced themselves. The labor patterns today have been seriously fragmented by the current production models.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alienation and Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion From this discussion, it is evident that alienation has consistently developed from the ancient world to present. At present, alienation is manifested clearly by the kind of interaction that prevails between modern industrialists and their laborers. In this parasitic interaction, the capitalists have a tight grip on production channels. Conversely, workers are only left with the option of selling their skills. Therefore, Marx’s alienation concept is relevant in examining the existing production systems. Macionis, John. Sociology. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 1997. Marx, Karl. Theories of Surplus Value. New York: Humanity Books, 2000. Meszaros, Istvan. Marxs Theory of Alienation. New York: Merlin Press, 1986. Ollman, Bertell. Alienation: Marxs Conception of Man in a Capitalist Society. London: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essays

Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essays Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essay Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essay When the National Health Services ( NHS ) was founded in 1948, one of the rules was to supply complete services to all and free at the clip of demand in UK ( nursing times.net 2009 ) . Access to healthcare services is based on clinical demands of an person and non the ability to pay the services. This means everyone has the rights of accessing to wellness and societal attention, although it is still a major job for low societal group and cultural minority who are confronting personal, socio economic, cultural and jobs go oning as consequences of the construction of wellness and societal attention procedures ( POSTNOTE 2007 ) . In this essay, a instance survey will be used to show a patient with learning disablement who faces assorted jobs during his entree to wellness and societal attention services and factors that contributed to these jobs. Besides it will concentrate on how nurses could back up these persons to do determinations about their attention. The significance of larning disablement will be explained. The assignment will besides look at major cultural and societal economic act uponing the wellness and wellness picks of persons. Besides it will analyse the differences between wellness instruction and wellness publicity and with their importance in single in accessing wellness and societal attention. The challenges inherent in run intoing the demands of people of changing abilities and societal backgrounds will be look at every bit good as the factors that trigger the accessing of multi-professional wellness and societal service. The essay will besides discourse the apprehension of the statute law related to the proviso of wellness and societal attention, as a nurse why are we needed to be cognizant of the inequalities in proviso. A name mentioned in the instance survey has been changed in order to follow with the codification of NMC ( 2008 ) and consent was obtained from the patient and the name Anil will be used in position. Anil is a male child of 18 old ages old who came to UK from South East Asia seven old ages ago. He lives with his parents in the lodging estate of East London where bulk are cultural from South Asia. His male parent who earns minimal rewards plants in a nutrient mill in six yearss a hebdomad, speaks English and his female parent is a fulltime homemaker and does non talk English, merely Hindu. Anil was born with Asperger syndrome, a womb-to-tomb disablement that affects how a individual makes sense of the universe, processes information and relates to other people. Peoples with Asperger can happen hard to pass on and interacts with other ( NAS 2010 ) . Anil had neer been to hospital in India and he was treated by traditional therapists. He merely started seeks medical aid when he moved to UK. Anil physical status has deteriorated late. He does non eat good ; look tired, sometimes suffered concern and happening hard in kiping. Since he came to UK, he had been to school for three old ages merely and he neer had friends. He does non blend good with other people and his parents do non trouble oneself about this. At times he lets himself go a small ignored. Anil represents a little and vulnerable group in a society who find trouble in accessing and utilizing wellness and societal attention because of the greater wellness attention needs they have than general population. Motor and centripetal disablements, Epilepsy, high blood pressure and Alzheimer s disease are some of the conditions that are common in this group ( NURSING STANDARD 2010 ) . The MENCAP study ( DEATH IN DEFFERENCES 2007 ) states that people with learning disablement are being treated wrongly in all portion of healthcare proviso and they are non every bit valued in the wellness services. The authorities besides revealed that people with learning disablements are poorer peculiarly consumption of invitations on primary attention and infirmary commissariats such as entree showing services ( ALD 200/01 ) . Because of their greater demands of health care, they are more prone to a broad assortment of extra physical and mental wellness jobs as it shows to Anil. Harmonizing to T udor- Hart ( cited in Hart 1985 ) there is an increasing in grounds of an inverse attention jurisprudence where those who demands are greatest acquire the least. Learning Disability is a life long status which has a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and it is vary from one individual to another. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) defines larning disablement as damage of the organic structure map which limits the activity of an person in executing a undertaking or action ( WHO 2010 ) Harmonizing to Thomas and Woods in their book Working with people with larning disablements 11 ( 2003 ) , a learning disablement is a nomenclature used to label people with lower degree of rational that is lower than the mean to normal people in the society. The term itself was widely accepted in England following a address in 1996 to MENCAP by Stephen Dorrell, the so secretary for Health. From clip to clip the rubric and labels have changed and this has been driven by several influences. The term used to cover kids with specific larning jobs that may originate from a figure of different things like emotional jobs, medical jobs and linguistic communication damage ( BILD 2004 ) . In the past, many people with larning disablement were lived in establishments and have been labeled otherwise by their coevalss. Many different signifiers of footings have been used before. Terminology such as threat, sub- human being, indefinable objects of apprehension, holy inexperienced person, diseased being, ageless kid and many more ( WOLFENSBERGER,1972 ) . There are about 1.5 million people with larning disablement in UK who require different degrees of support ( MENCAP ) . It has been identified that about 26.5 % of people who have larning disablement as being associated with familial factors ( Craft et al 1985 ) . Learning Disabilities is caused by jobs during encephalon development before, during and after birth ( RCSLT 2009 ) . There are different types of larning disablements some of which are Asperger syndrome ( a particular type of Autism ) which affect a individual the manner interact to the universe, reading disablements, composing disablements, not verbal acquisition disablements ( NVLD ) and many more ( ALD 2000-2010 ) , reading disablement ( dyslexia ) , address and listening disablement, and audile processing upset. It is frequently detected in early childhood. In UK there are Torahs and policies which describe how the demands of people with larning disablements should be met. The intent of these Torahs and policies is to better quality of life and based on authorization, doing picks and determination, holding the same chance and rights as other people and societal inclusion. Policy such as` valuing people which explain how the authorities will supply same chance and pick for people with larning disablements and their households to populate full and independent lives as portion of their local communities and to guarantee they gain maximal life opportunity benefit ( DOH 2010 ) . The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which is a piece of statute law promotes the rights of people with larning disablements to entree health care and other attention services. Healthcare suppliers must esteem, back up them and their households and conforms to professional criterion ( NHS 2006 ) . It is the NHS responsibility to do certain they provide an equal service that can be easy accessed by anyone harmonizing to this Act. Most of the people with larning disablements have sensory and physical damage that make it difficult to do their picks and to understand by others. A piece of statute law which protects them in England is Mental Capacity Act 2005 which is empowers and protects vulnerable people who are non able to do their ain determination. Peoples with larning disablement will still hold the right to give their consent for day-to-day life and accessing the services despite of holding significantly reduced ability to understand new larning accomplishments ( NURSING STANDARD 2010 ) . If the individual lack a capacity of giving or declining consent, it is still possible for attention suppliers to supply attention and interventions for the best involvement of the individual ( DOH 2003 ) . A study showed that about 62 % of all people with larning disablements depend on their parents and other health professionals ( EMERSON et al 2005 ) . However, healthcare suppliers have a responsibility to understand and acknowledge the demands of a individual with larning disablements and do certain their demands are met. It is a nursing function to work in partnership with the clients to get the better of barriers by placing what direction and determination to stand for the individual largely professionally although clients and their attentions may do their ain determination. Peoples with larning disablements in lower societal categories are peculiarly disadvantage relation to the higher societal categories in accessing health care services because of physical, societal, psychological and economic barriers that limit their full engagement in society. Acheson ( 1998 ) identified the links between inequalities and hapless wellness. He noted that wellness inequalities were widening with the poorest in society being more affected than those who are good away. The station codification lottery which depends on where you might populate is a large issue in NHS. The handiness of better intervention, drugs and waiting clip in a disadvantaged country where people depend on province health care commissariats will transport on experience hapless entree to services and intervention than those who have the power of purchasing services in private services ( GUARDIAN 2000 ) . Peoples from cultural backgrounds experience health care service otherwise due to their deficiency of cognition which can be limited by the ability to pass on in English. They may happen challenge to come in health care services because it may necessitate, for illustration doing a telephone call, assignment, get bying with a queuing system and complex processs ( NHS 2006 ) . Different in civilization s attitude and stigma between where they came from and UK can impact Anil s wellness. It is believed that South Asiatic parents do nt hold positive attitudes towards disablements because spiritual and superstitious beliefs ( ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRIC 2003 ) . Anil s parents might non take his job earnestly because of their background and societal stigma of holding a kid with disablement ( AUTISM-INDIA 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the study of Department of Health ( 2009 ) a reappraisal in development in undertaking wellness inequalities of Acheson, recommended the betterment of life criterions of people with lower income than mean. Among the people in this group are people populating in a disadvantaged country and depend on societal lodging. Besides people with larning disablement may neglect to acquire the necessary services because of deficiency of understanding about wellness issues jointing their demands based on their hapless experiences of instruction system ( Mathews 1996 ) . Research carried out by Cartwright A ; Obrien1976 found that General Practitioners spend far less clip with their patients from lower categories ( cited in Hart 1985, p59 ) . The state of affairs may be more complex for service users who have small or no verbal communicating and those with learning disablement. A learning disablement individual may be unable to place and depict the marks and symptoms necessitating accurate medical attending. The information may non be presented in accessible format and the staffs may inquire inquiries which can non understand ( NURSING STANDARD 2010 ) . Inaccessibility of an experience translator in the healthcare scenes can be barrier. It can impact the sensitiveness of patient s values and attitudes. To utilize a professional translator can reassure patients to pass on and experience freer when depicting their spiritual beliefs and unsatisfactory environment conditions but to healthcare professionals may experience disempowerment and may depend on translators in order to transport out their functions ( ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHTRIC 2003 ) . Sometimes physical entree may be an issue for people with learning disablement ; they find their assignment times are frequently excessively short to understand the system because of their troubles and conveyance demands to entree health care installations are more distant. Practitioners may be given occupation in disadvantaged countries with all installation available but they may be in the hazards of hooliganism, larceny and anti societal behaviour ( Thomson J et Al 2003 p59 ) . The purposes of the authorities today in UK is convince persons to be more involved in their wellness. But the jobs with handiness of wellness publicity services and engagements are some of concern due to the restructuring of wellness and societal attention for people with larning disablements has been accelerated by NHS and community attention Act ( DOH 1990, Emerson Et Al 1996 fellow 11 ) . For illustration, most of the wellness publicity treatment and activities to accessing suited primary health care is focus on medical engagements such as immunisation ( Stanley et al 1998 p71 ) . Some of this medical attack can take to reenforce dependence for people with learning disablements. Those with terrible larning disablements, their demands are going known to service suppliers through secondary and third attention after being referred by primary attention. Among wellness publicity is bar which is concentrating on lessening of hazard happening of diseases, disablements and disability. Th ese activities occur in wellness attention scenes. Primary bar is to forestall from hazard factors such as fleshiness through instruction, exercising and diet. Primary bar produces information on assorted wellness issues in pictural and easy apprehensible format such as malignant neoplastic disease. On secondary bar, it involves identifies early marks of diseases happening such as malignant neoplastic disease showing and third bar is involves cut downing the impact of the disease and advancing quality of life through active rehabilitation ( Thomson et al 2003 ) . Anil s province of confusion may be caused a figure of factors which might necessitate farther probe. It is the responsibility of his General Practitioner ( primary bar ) to mention him to infirmary ( secondary bar ) for probe. A adviser may make up ones mind whether Anil has physical or mental unwellness. To cover with and taking barriers such as trouble with interpersonal communicating, wellness publicity will necessitate to advance inclusion and cut down inequalities in service proviso ( Thomson et al 2003 p129 ) . World Health Organization ( 2010 ) has made it clear that wellness publicity is the procedure of enabling single to better and increase control of their wellness. Many primary healthcare professional bash non hold accomplishments to get the better of this job as consequences those people who have larning disablements are less likely to have lifestyle advice than those who do non hold larning disablements ( Fitzsimmons A ; Barr 1997 ) . Learning disablement nurses have a assortment of accomplishments in communicating and observations which could be utile to learn other health care professionals in wellness and societal attention scenes ( Thomson et al 2003 p131 ) Health instruction as a portion of wellness publicity is defined as a planned communicating activities designed to pull good being and sick wellness in persons and group through act uponing the cognition, belief, attitudes and behaviour of those in power of the community at big ( Tannahill 1985p167-8 ) . For people with larning disablements, wellness instruction might advance societal inclusion through diminishing negative stereotyping by valuing and esteeming their demands. On a more single degree, people who receive wellness instruction messages have a pick to make up ones mind whether to follow or non the message given ( Thomson J et Al 2003 ) . Constructing partnerships between nurses, callings, other professional and people with larning disablements is indispensable in order to advance and educating wellness by placing their physical and mental wellness status ( DOH 1995 ) . A partnership is non merely the manner to convey up to day of the month statutory services but besides is about developing and admiting the corporate duty for the wellness and well-being of the community which they belong ( Thomson J et Al 2003, p102 ) . Having the chance to do pick about their health care is critical to their sense of inclusion in society. It is besides a cardinal factor in leting single like Anil to experience in control of his life. The NMC ( National Midwifery Council ) codification of 2008sets out figure of duties on nurses to advance pick and esteem the determinations of those they care. Nurses need to assist them doing their pick by doing some simple versions. The first measure can be taking a little more clip to explicate something and giving the individual with larning disablement more clip to understand what is being said ( Nursing STANDARDS 2010, P53 ) . Other attack could be the engagement of comparative or paid calling non to do pick on behalf of the individual with learning disablement but to utilize their cognition of the individual to assist the attention professional interpret or to explicate intervention options. In all this procedures, nurses need to guarantee that they obtain consent before they begin assessment and intervention. Any determination to be taken by the staff must be in the involvements of the individual and must see to his or her human rights. To reason, the essay has set out cardinal troubles experienced by people with larning disablements in accessing health care services and the spread between rich and hapless who are accessing health care look to be widening. Peoples who have larning disablements are by and large underestimated and happen themselves failure to win their outlook. They experience more wellness jobs than any other group in a society but usage health care services less than the general population ( RODGER 1996 ) . Inequalities in wellness for people with learning disablements must be dealt with by health care suppliers in wellness attention proviso with the purpose of shuting the division between the general public experiences and this group. By utilizing good quality of wellness attention and esteeming people s rights to entree, and doing sensible accommodation, the lives of people with larning disablements can be changed. Healthcare suppliers have a responsibility to guarantee that people with learning d isablements are offered regular checking and are included in wellness showing plan.

What is the difference in the international court of justice ICJs Essay

What is the difference in the international court of justice ICJs approach with respect to the law of maritime delimitations between the North Sea Continental - Essay Example Disputes are provided for through a separate optional protocol, parties to the Convention are obliged to exhaust the settlement procedure, preferably through direct talks between the parties. If direct negotiation fails, then the parties can submit the dispute to either the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Court of Justice, binding international arbitration procedures or an expert arbitration tribunal. The decisions of the ICJ have spelt out the principle to be found in the Ad Hoc Committee Report, which states that there is â€Å"an area of the sea bed and the ocean floor underlying the high seas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.†1 This falls under the Common Heritage of Mankind principle, adopted without dissent in the United Nations General Assembly and applied to the sea bed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (Brown, 1994:262). Therefore, this has spelt out an important principle of maritime delimitation, whereby in some in stances it may not be possible for a coastal state to claim maritime territory, which may more appropriately fall within the scope of international jurisdiction and therefore unavailable to any State in particular. The emergence of the EEZ concept and further seaward extension of the outer limit of the continental shelf has focused attention on maritime boundary delimitation in contemporary international law. Equity now plays a greater role in interstate relations and the pragmatic issues of managing the delimitation of natural resources and boundaries. In so far as delimitation of the territorial sea is concerned, the UN Convention of the Sea states that when two countries are adjacent to or opposite to each other, neither one is entitled to â€Å"extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from